30 X 27 Sq.ft House Plan having 2 bedroom, 1 kitchen 1 drawing hall and toilet bathroom. The total area of the house plan is 810sq.ft. The total cost of Construction is 77 lakhs which includes the labour cost of 34 lakhs and material with contractor…

Introduction A highway is a road that runs through a city or state. It can be used for transportation as well as trade, and it can also be used to connect different areas of the city or state. When designing new roads, it's important to conside…

Estimation of a building is the process of calculating the approximate cost of constructing a building, based on various factors such as the design, materials, labor, and other related expenses. It is an important aspect of the construction process …

Project planning is the process of defining the objectives, tasks, and resources required to complete a project successfully. The following are the steps in the project planning process: Define the project scope: Determine what the project will achi…

Traverse surveying is a method of land surveying that involves measuring the horizontal and vertical distances between a series of points to determine the relative positions of those points on the ground. It is often used to determine the boundaries…

Theodolite work, like any surveying or measurement process, is subject to various errors that can impact the accuracy of the results. There are three main types of errors that can occur in theodolite work: instrumental errors, personal errors, and n…

A theodolite is a versatile instrument that is commonly used in surveying, construction, and engineering. The following are the main operations that can be performed with a theodolite: Angle measurement: A theodolite can be used to measure angles in…

The permanent adjustments of a theodolite are procedures used to calibrate the instrument and ensure its accuracy over an extended period of time. The following are the main permanent adjustments of a theodolite: Vertical Axis Collimation: This adju…

The temporary adjustments of a theodolite are procedures used to ensure the accuracy and precision of measurements taken with the instrument. The following are the main temporary adjustments of a theodolite: Leveling: This adjustment ensures that th…

A transit theodolite is a type of surveying instrument that is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles, as well as distances between points. The following are the various parts of a transit theodolite: Telescope: The telescope is the main co…

A non-transit theodolite, also known as a conventional theodolite, is a type of surveying instrument that is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles. Unlike a transit theodolite, a non-transit theodolite does not have a transit mechanism and …

A transit theodolite is a type of surveying instrument that is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles, as well as distances between points. The transit theodolite is similar to a traditional theodolite, but with the addition of a transit me…

Theodolite survey is a type of surveying that involves the use of a theodolite instrument to measure angles and distances on a construction site or survey area. The theodolite instrument typically consists of a telescope that can be rotated and tilt…

There are two main methods of Plane Table Surveying: Traversing Method: In the traversing method, the surveyor takes readings and makes sketches at a series of points along a route or path. The surveyor moves from point to point, taking readings and…

Orientation in Plane Table Surveying refers to the process of aligning the plane table and alidade with the north-south direction. This is important because it ensures that the readings taken and the sketches made on the plane table are correctly al…